Switch off Exclusive Mode prior to the upgrade
The preupgrade checker for 12.2.0.1 says about a 11.2.0.4 db:
+ Switch off Exclusive Mode prior to the upgrade.
Your database system has at least one account with only the 10G password
version (see the PASSWORD_VERSIONS column of DBA_USERS).
Starting with Oracle Database release 12.2, Exclusive Mode is the
default password-based authentication mode. In Exclusive Mode, accounts
which only have the 10G password version (see
DBA_USERS.PASSWORD_VERSIONS) are no longer accessible. If your system
has any account with only the 10G password version, Exclusive Mode must
be switched off prior to the upgrade. See the Network Reference Manual
chapter about the SQLNET.ORA parameter